naive scientist vs cognitive misernicole alexander bio

[33] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. /F4 24 0 R The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. -Diffusion of responsibility: reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others. Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). /GS7 27 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R /F1 21 0 R /FontDescriptor 364 0 R [29][30] The less expertise citizens have on an issue initially, the more likely they will rely on these shortcuts. What is social facilitation? 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 Olivier . The Cognitive miser model is a view of information processing that assumes the human mind is rather limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /GS8 28 0 R Identify three specific concepts that support the logic of each philosophical anthropology (you should be discussing a total of 9 supporting concepts). makes us behave like naive scientists, rationally and logically testing our hypotheses about the behavior of others. /ca 1 1,000 & 12,000 >> 29 0 obj \end{array} The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". /Subtype /Type1 >> [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. The wave of research on attributional biases done by Kahneman, Tversky and others effectively ended the dominance of Heider's nave scientist within social psychology. /MarkInfo << Rationality and the reflective mind . 26 0 obj If AAA and BBB are events, then P(AB)P(B)P(A|B)\le P(B)P(AB)P(B). -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group Explain the significance of Nave Scientists vs Cognitive Misers In 1958, Australian psychologist Fritz Heider proposed that there are 2 fundamental needs as humans that we need to fulfil (in order to survive): The need to understand the world The need to control the world around us (1950s) a. objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. -Cognitive component: stereotypes come up with 6 examples - YES come up with 12 examples- NO, try to adjust for anchor but never adjust enough, testing hypothesis by seeking out the cases that match the hypothesis. [37] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. Before this, human thinking was. How does the combined spending on both types of consumer goods compare to the spending on services? -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R /Parent 2 0 R /F1 21 0 R The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. /Artifact /Sect >> [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. /CS /DeviceRGB /F4 24 0 R how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. /S /Transparency /Resources << . What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? 14 0 obj /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Please select the correct language below. /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) What is situated social cognition? naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. /GS8 28 0 R membership. /F1 21 0 R AS such, categorization provides What is culture? >> Learn moreOpens in new window, Self-Inference Processes: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 6. /F2 22 0 R /F4 24 0 R /GS7 27 0 R /F1 21 0 R System 2 may also have no clue to the error. endobj >> Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. endobj providing prescriptive norms for understanding ourselves in relations to 269273 . List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. /BaseFont /Times-Bold /Textbox /Sect << /GS7 27 0 R /Workbook /Document >> 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R De Neys . /Type /Font ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. What is the "foot-in-the-door" technique? /F3 23 0 R 250 0 R 251 0 R 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R 255 0 R 256 0 R 257 0 R 258 0 R 259 0 R /Type /Group /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] [32] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. What is the actor-observer bias? Naive scientist Cognitive miser A and B 18 . [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. << A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below. Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. Cookie policy. /StructParents 2 endobj In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. [24], Lack of public support towards emerging techniques are commonly attributed to lack of relevant information and the low scientific literacy among the public. >> >> Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. They write, "cognitive heuristics are at times employed by almost all voters, and that they are particularly likely to be used when the choice situation facing voters is complex heuristic use generally increases the probability of a correct vote by political experts but decreases the probability of a correct vote by novices." -employ equal status contact, need equal opportunities, -Need to belong: a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 /Type /Page This kind of categorical thinking give meaning to social stimuli under adverse or difficult processing conditions.[40]. what effects does motivation have on hypothesis testing? << When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. 23417270. free . 1) time - short of time = use cog. /Resources << [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. /Type /Page >> central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser.[9]. The instances of weeping in the book of Jeremiah are so vivid that Jeremiah is known as "the weeping prophet," but God weeps more frequently in the book. Which is viewed as more homogeneous? [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /CS /DeviceRGB /LastChar 239 What are its real world consequences? [10] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. Naive Scientist Trying to work out the cause and effect of things in our social world Cognitive Misers Trying to save time and effort to understand the social world Heuristics Mental shortcuts that reduce the complexity of judgement (More/Less) Time, Cognitive Load, Importance, Information and Emotions -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right >> 4 0 obj How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? Everything you always wanted to know. /Type /Group >> >> /GS8 28 0 R /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /StructParents 0 /CS /DeviceRGB endobj adopting a cognitive miser approach but however if the target is not a good fit [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. >> I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. -WEIRD: White, educated, industrialized, rich, democratic the degree to which something is extreme) is endobj 0 0 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. The nave scientist and attribution theory, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 09:14, heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making, JournalofExperimentalSocialPsychology, "Likegoeswithlike:theroleofrepresentativenessinerroneousandpseudoscientificbeliefs", "Communicatingscienceinsocialsettings", "3MESSAGESANDHEURISTICS:HOWAUDIENCESFORMATTITUDESABOUTEMERGINGTECHNOLOGIES", "Thesocial-cognitivebasesofscientificknowledge", "Bats,balls,andsubstitutionsensitivity:cognitivemisersarenohappyfools", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341140.003.0004, Heuristicsinjudgmentanddecision-making. 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R q*15Q[7t. [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278] they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we >> [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. -2008 first black president /Type /Page /RoleMap 18 0 R << -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. >> What is diffusion of responsibility? >> /ExtGState << A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. A brief example provided by Kahneman is that when we try not to stare at the oddly dressed couple at the neighboring table in a restaurant, our automatic reaction (System 1) makes us stare at them, but conflicts emerge as System 2 tries to control this behavior. The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and human behavior. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Font << The last chapter ended with a new model of the social knower, able to function strategically as either naive scientist or cognitive miser. [9][pageneeded]. [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. 0 444 0 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 others. /Font << -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. women, gay people, Asians), Event schemas/scripts: knowledge structures about events(e.g. 12 [337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R Price$8,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,000Quantity5,000diamonds6,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,000. 23 0 obj In par-ticular, this need . . /S /Transparency /Resources << -People get aroused in crowds and self-awareness dissipates. -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. Contrast the wage and salary share to the profit share in terms of relative size. /F2 22 0 R >> where ttt is the time in seconds since the ball was thrown. The cognitive miser theory thus has implications for persuading the public: attitude formation is a competition between people's value systems and prepositions (or their own interpretive schemata) on a certain issue, and how public discourses frame it. /Tabs /S When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. -Affective or emotional component (fear, negative evaluations) 6 0 obj /StructParents 9 << [32] People apply a number of shortcuts or heuristics in making judgements about the likelihood of an event, because the rapid answers provided by heuristics are often right. "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." /ToUnicode 367 0 R /F3 23 0 R >> /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R When does it occur? [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur. /Type /Font >> /InlineShape /Sect ETSU Online Programs - http://www.etsu.edu/onlineModule 4 - Social Psychology: Cognitive Misers, Schemas, & Social CognitionMOD 04 EP 15 [31] Audiences' attitude change is closely connected with relabeling or re-framing the certain issue. /Parent 2 0 R /Parent 2 0 R Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. 293 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R 298 0 R 299 0 R 300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R /Type /Group They argue that people start the process of impression formation by /F3 23 0 R << /F1 21 0 R /F1 21 0 R 5,000 & 8,000 \\ /ParentTree 19 0 R How does social facilitation affect the performance of tasks that are simple/well practiced? /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. instead, they are strategic in their allocation of cognitive resources, deciding whether to b a cognitive miser or a naive scientist depending on the situation: Term. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. [2] [3] The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. How does the brain respond to social rejection? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. Rossi . What is social contagion? 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. /Worksheet /Part >> A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. What is what? The cognitive miser theory is an . This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] /LastChar 116 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] /Tabs /S In other words, this theory suggests that humans are, in fact, both naive scientists and cognitive misers. 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue /StructParents 4 July 2015 . /Marked true Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. >> << [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. *p ~02Q*PGZxO`'HiY<6\Ud"I$;4L`cp{-Yl o PSYC 137 Chapter 1-6 - Summary Social Cognition: From Brains to Culture - PSYC 137 Chapter 1: Point: - StuDocu Chapters 1-6 psyc 137 chapter notes chapter introduction main point: nave psychology and cognitive psychology are themes in social cognition research. -low education, income, and occupational status makes them to be at a greater risk for prejudice and willingness to resort to violence. [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. On what dimensions do cultures differ? /Type /Font Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. Wim . To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. /CreationDate (D:20151205122909+07'00') That is, habitual cooperators assume most of the others as cooperators, and habitual defectors assume most of the others as defectors. How pervasive is prejudice today? 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R] Naive scientist b. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] provides open learning resources for your academics, careers, intellectual development, and other wisdom related purposes. When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. /GS8 28 0 R /Endnote /Note /Group << Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? endobj >> /GS7 27 0 R Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. >> COGNITIVE MISER: people use the least complex & demandingcognitions that are able to produce generally adaptivebehaviours people are limited in capacity to process information, take numerous cognitive shortcuts [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. /FontDescriptor 363 0 R What are its consequences? 228 0 R 229 0 R 230 0 R 231 0 R 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U << ORDER EFFECTS: order in which information about person is presented can have profound impact on impression, Primacy: information presented first disproportionately influenceimpression (stronger & more common). [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. What are some real world consequences of attributions? Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. 3,000 & 10,000 \\ 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] endobj /Footer /Sect A schema is a cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information. attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Type /Page /Contents 43 0 R [25] However, the relationship between information and attitudes towards scientific issues are not empirically supported. /Type /Page /Font << [9][pageneeded] In this sense people are strategic instead of passively choosing the most effortless shortcuts when they allocate their cognitive efforts, and therefore they can decide to be nave scientists or cognitive misers depending on their goals. /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] [4] Usually people do not think rationally or cautiously, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments. /Type /Page 332 0 R 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R] -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. -Dissonance: being aware of bad behaviors, conflicting behaviors or beliefs. concept, type of stimulus). What does WEIRD refer to? Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? [39] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs. >> -Behavioral tendencies: (avoidance, active discrimination), -Stereotype: a positive or negative belief about the characteristics of a group that is applied generally to most members of that group. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /Contents 37 0 R endobj who has been shaped as a cognitive miser, now engages in shallow deliberative processes. >> -In group: (us) Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools . economic zones to fisheries. Dual process theory proposes that there are two types of cognitive processes in human mind. endobj << Hence, influence from external factors are unneglectable in shaping peoples stereotypes. would sanctify the pursuit of selfinterest. -Groupthink: mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives If people are viewed as consistency-seekers, then their cognition is influenced by: Subjective inconsistency Objective inconsistency Attributional inconsistency A and C 11. It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R Stolz . It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions.

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