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Biwa. NGDMI v.1: 234-237. The biwa developed into five different types in its long history: Gaku, Heike, Ms, Satsuma, and Chikuzen. [38] It has however been suggested that the long plectrum depicted in ancient paintings may have been used as a friction stick like a bow. In the narrative traditions where the pipa is used as an accompaniment to narrative singing, there are the Suzhou tanci (), Sichuan qingyin (), and Northern quyi () genres. Shamisen 5. This article is about the Chinese instrument. The biwa became known as an instrument commonly played at the Japanese Imperial court, where biwa players, known as biwa hshi, found employment and patronage. The flowers fluttered, and from Heaven the phoenix trilled, Tataku: This is similar to hazusu, except that this time, two non-struck pitches follow the struck one. The typical 5-stringed Satsuma-biwa classical tuning is: CGCG, from first string to fourth/fifth string, respectively. As part of, Mamoru Ohashi (Japanese, active Ogasa, Shizouka Prefecture 1953). [40] Through time, the neck was raised and by the Qing dynasty the instrument was mostly played upright. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. With the end of the wars, unsurprisingly, the biwa music became less popular, and the number of biwa musicians dropped significantly. This instrument was also used many times as an accompanying instrument in larger ensembles. Among the major variants are the gakubiwa (used in court music), the msbiwa (used by Buddhist monks for the chanting of sutras), the heikebiwa (used to chant stories from the Heike monogatori), the chikuzenbiwa (used for an amalgam of narrative types), and the satsumabiwa (used for samurai narratives). biwa, Japanese short-necked lute, distinguished by its graceful, pear-shaped body. The open strings are shown in the first measures, and the pitches assigned the left-hand fingered notes in the following four measures. . Biwa players no longer enjoyed special privileges and were forced to support themselves. Sandstone carving, showing the typical way a pipa was held when played with plectrum in the early period. In modern biwa, particularly in Satsuma-biwa, one sometimes strikes the soundboard sharply to get percussive effects. (88.9 30.8 29.2 cm) Classification: Chordophone-Lute-plucked-fretted Credit Line: Rogers Fund, 1968 Accession Number: 68.62.1 Signatures, Inscriptions, and Markings This music called heikyoku () was cherished and protected by the authorities and particularly flourished in the 14-15th centuries. However, the playing of the biwa nearly became extinct during the Meiji period following the introduction of Western music and instruments, until players such as Tsuruta Kinshi and others revitalized the genre with modern playing styles and collaborations with Western composers. However, false nails made of horn existed as early as the Ming period when finger-picking became the popular technique for playing pipa.[24]. [6] Another Han dynasty text, Fengsu Tongyi, also indicates that, at that time, pipa was a recent arrival,[7] although later 3rd-century texts from the Jin dynasty suggest that pipa existed in China as early as the Qin dynasty (221206 BC). [2] Pear-shaped lutes have been depicted in Kusana sculptures from the 1st century AD. [2], Early literary tradition in China, for example in a 3rd-century description by Fu Xuan, Ode to Pipa,[1][28] associates the Han pipa with the northern frontier, Wang Zhaojun and other princesses who were married to nomad rulers of the Wusun and Xiongnu peoples in what is now Mongolia, northern Xinjiang and Kazakhstan. The pear-shaped instrument may have existed in China as early as the Han dynasty, and although historically the term pipa was once used to refer to a variety of plucked chordophones, its usage since the Song dynasty refers exclusively to the pear-shaped instrument. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The higo-biwa is closely related to the heike-biwa and, similarly, relies on an oral narrative tradition focusing on wars and legends. As in shamisen music, vocal and instrumental parts are sometimes combined and played at the same time. 1. [13] What the plectrum is made of also changes the texture, with ivory and plastic plectrums creating a more resilient texture to the wooden plectrum's twangy hum. Its plectrum varies in both size and materials. Northern Wei dynasty (386534 AD). It is one of the most enduring work in Chinese theatre, and one that became a model for Ming dynasty drama as it was the favorite opera of the first Ming emperor. The transmission parameter (product of propagation speed and Q value of the longitudinal wave along the wood grain . Exploiting the sound of the open strings increases the overall sounds volume. The instrument is plucked with a pick made out of animal horn. The gogen-biwa (, lit. Note however that the frets on all Chinese lutes are high so that the fingers and strings never touch the fingerboard in between the frets, this is different from many Western fretted instruments and allows for dramatic vibrato and other pitch changing effects. When Yamashika died in 1996, the era of the biwa hshi tutelage died with him, but the music and genius of that era continues thanks to his recordings. The number of frets is considerably fewer than other fretted instruments. The nut is a rounded edge at the 90-degree bend where the neck meets the peg box, and the broad flat surface just below the bend has a very shallow trough carved into it perpendicular to the course of the strings (see detail #5). The interval between the pitches of the open string and first fret is a major second, while the interval between pitches on two adjacent frets is a minor second. It was those blind monks who fell outside of governmental protection who, during the 17. century, creatively modified the biwa to introduce a shamisen flavor, such as making frets higher to play in-between notes. Though formerly popular, little was written about the performance and practice of the biwa from roughly the 16th century to the mid-19th century. Since the biwas pegs do not move smoothly, tuning the instrument to a different mode requires time. Kakisukashi: This is a three or four-note arpeggio with two strings in unison. greatest width of resonator This type of biwa is used for court music called gagaku (), which has been protected by the government until today. The instrument itself also varies in size, depending on the player. Although this instrument is quite large and a very substantial plectrum is used to excite its strings, its sound is surprisingly soft and meant more for intimate settings rather than concert halls. The number of frets is considerably fewer than other fretted instruments. These players had considerable influence on the development of pipa playing in China. [20], Garfias, Gradual Modifications of the Gagaku Tradition 16, Garfias, Gradual Modifications of the Gagaku Tradition 18, Ferranti, Relations between Music and Text in "Higo Biwa", The "Nagashi" Pattern as a Text-MusicSystem 150, Learn how and when to remove this template message, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biwa&oldid=1097578427, This page was last edited on 11 July 2022, at 14:28. [36][37] The Ming collection of supernatural tales Fengshen Yanyi tells the story of Pipa Jing, a pipa spirit, but ghost stories involving pipa existed as early as the Jin dynasty, for example in the 4th century collection of tales Soushen Ji. A player holds it horizontally, and mostly plays rhythmic arpeggios in orchestra or ensemble. Ieyasu favored biwa music and became a major patron, helping to strengthen biwa guilds (called Todo) by financing them and allowing them special privileges. 89.4.123. Typically, the lower strings of the arpeggio are open, as indicated with the '0' in Example 4, while the last string hit may either be open or fingered (numbers 1 to 4 refers to the left hand's fingers from the index to the 4th finger, respectively). The sole stroke motion used in this example is kakubachi, but it also includes examples of hazusu and tataku. The full vibrating lengths of the strings, the distance between their bend over the nut and the knots that secure their lower ends to the string holder, are all 27.7 inches. Heike-biwa is an accompaniment instrument specifically used to chant the Tale of Heike stories () in the traditional way dating from the medieval era. It was those blind monks who fell outside of governmental protection who, during the 17th century, creatively modified the biwa to introduce a shamisen flavor, such as making frets higher to play in-between notes. The plectrum also contributes to the texture of biwa music. This music was cherished and protected by the authorities and particularly flourished in the 14th-15th centuries. During the Qing dynasty, apart from those of the various schools previously mentioned, there was Chen Zijing (), a student of Ju Shilin and known as a noted player during the late Qing dynasty. This is the original form of biwa that came to Japan in the 8. century. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The instrument is played with a large wedge-shaped plectrum called a bachi. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. The instrument is played with a large wedge-shaped plectrum called a bachi. The 4-string chikuzen biwa (gallery #1) is constructed in several parts and needs to be assembled and strung before being played. Different sized plectrums produced different textures; for example, the plectrum used on a ms-biwa was much larger than that used on a gaku-biwa, producing a harsher, more vigorous sound. CLASSIFICATION DIAGRAM OF WOOD A fundamental structure of string instruments in the Asia and Western is a box-sound hole structure [4,5] as seen in the harpsichord, guitar, violin, and biwa . It is the most widely used system for classifying musical . The loquat is in the family Rosaceae, and is native to the cooler hill regions of south-central China. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. https://japanese-music.com/profile/nobuko-fukatsu/. At the beginning of the Meiji period, it was estimated that there were at least one hundred traditional court musicians in Tokyo; however, by the 1930s, this number had reduced to just 46 in Tokyo, and a quarter of these musicians later died in World War II. [61][33], During the Song dynasty, players mentioned in literary texts include Du Bin (). Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. In the Meiji period (1868-1912), sighted musicians created new styles of secular biwa narrative singing inspired by Kyushu ms traditions and introduced them to Tokyo. [41] Three Ming dynasty pieces were discovered in the High River Flows East (, Gaohe Jiangdong) collection dating from 1528 which are very similar to those performed today, such as "The Moon on High" (, Yue-er Gao). Players from the Wang and Pudong schools were the most active in performance and recording during the 20th century, less active was the Pinghu school whose players include Fan Boyan (). Few pieces for pipa survived from the early periods, some, however, are preserved in Japan as part of togaku (Tang music) tradition. Rubbing the strings: The plectrum is used to rub an open string. This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. As part of the Met's Open Access policy, you can freely copy, modify and distribute this image, even for commercial purposes. The biwa is related to the Chinese pipa, an instrument that was introduced to Japan in the late 7th century. General tones and pitches can fluctuate up or down entire steps or microtones. The biwa is a plucked string instrument that first gained popularity in China before spreading throughout East Asia, eventually reaching Japan sometime during the Nara period (710-794). The fingers normally strike the strings of pipa in the opposite direction to the way a guitar is usually played, i.e. NAKAMURA Kahoru, the biwa player with whom we worked, mentioned that for a concert including pieces in two different modes, she tunes two biwas before the concert. 13 in. After almost dying out post-World War II, the tradition was revived in part due to interest shown in the instrument by the internationally known contemporary composer Tru Takemitsu, who wrote instrumental compositions for the instrument. It eventually became the favored instrument to accompany narrative singing, especially on the southern Japanese island of Kyushu where it was performed by blind Buddhist priests (ms). Typically 60 centimetres (24in) to 106 centimetres (42in) in length, the instrument is constructed of a water drop-shaped body with a short neck, typically with four (though sometimes five) strings. During the 1910s a five-string model was developed that, since the 1920s, has been the most common form of the instrument (gallery #2). It has the largest body and relatively short neck among biwas. Seeing its relative convenience and portability, the monks combined these features with their large and heavy gaku-biwa to create the heike-biwa, which, as indicated by its namesake, was used primarily for recitations of The Tale of the Heike. The Korean instrument is the only one of the three that is no longer widely used. The exception for these methods is for when hazusu or tataku are performed on the 4th string. This singing style is complemented by the biwa, which biwa players use to produce short glissandi throughout the performance. The instrument itself resembles gaku-biwa but is slightly smaller, and is held horizontally. Members of these schools are sighted and include both females and males. The 4 wedge-shaped frets on the neck became 6 during the 20th century. The biwa is a stringed instrument used in Japan as a sort of story telling method. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/502655, Mary Elizabeth Adams Brown ; Clara H. Rose (d. 1914), The Met Collection API is where all makers, creators, researchers, and dreamers can now connect to the most up-to-date data and images for more than 470,000 artworks in The Met collection. So, here are six traditional Japanese instruments you can listen to today! We continue to research and examine historical and cultural context for objects in The Met collection. The Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments, 1889, Accession Number: This may be due to the fact that the word pipa was used in ancient texts to describe a variety of plucked chordophones of the period from the Qin to the Tang dynasty, including the long-necked spiked lute and the short-necked lute, as well as the differing accounts given in these ancient texts. Pipa is commonly associated with Princess Liu Xijun and Wang Zhaojun of the Han dynasty, although the form of pipa they played in that period is unlikely to be pear-shaped as they are now usually depicted. In all biwa styles, except for Gaku-biwa (: please refer to the section Types of Biwa), fingers are positioned between the frets, not on the frets. (92.7 20 12.7 cm), The Crosby Brown Collection of Musical Instruments, 1889. There are more than seven types of biwa, characterised by number of strings, sounds it could produce, the type of plectrum, and their use. An early depiction of pipa player in a group of musicians. What is the hornbostelsachs classification of biwa instrument - 9005546 The peg box is angled about 90 degrees from the neck, and the back of the body is flat, unlike the western lute. [6] The strings were played using a large plectrum in the Tang dynasty, a technique still used now for the Japanese biwa. 1969. In the 13th century, the story The Tale of Heike ()was created and told by them. Biwa playing has a long history on Kyushu, and for centuries the art was practiced within the institution of ms, blind Buddhist priests who performed sacred and secular texts for agrarian and other rituals. The biwa has a shallow, rounded back and silk strings (usually four or five) attached to slender lateral pegs. Played with a large wooden plectrum, the instrument has four or five strings of twisted silk stretched over four or more . These cookies do not store any personal information. Liu Dehai (19372020), also born in Shanghai, was a student of Lin Shicheng and in 1961 graduated from the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. The nishiki-biwa (), a modern biwa with five strings and five frets, was popularised by the 20th-century biwa player and composer Suit Kinj (, 19111973). In Satsuma-biwa classical pieces, the thickest string (the first) is in principle. 36 in. It is made out of wood, with a teardrop-shaped body and a long neck with four or five high frets, and is stringed with four or five silk strings that are plucked by a big pick called bachi (). 5.5 in. The satsuma-biwa (), a biwa with four strings and four frets, was popularized during the Edo period in Satsuma Province (present-day Kagoshima) by Shimazu Tadayoshi. Players hold the instrument vertically. It is possible to include a fingered pitch among the lower grace-notes but that pitch should preferably be chosen among those playable on the 4th fret. Heike-biwa is an accompaniment instrument specifically used to chant the Tale of Heike stories () in the traditional way dating from the medieval era. 20002023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Of the remaining post-war biwa traditions, only higo-biwa remains a style almost solely performed by blind persons. greatest width of resonator Several schools of biwa playing evolved from the ms tradition, one of which, founded in the 1890s by Tachibana Chij and others and called the Asahi-kai, was based on the style of the Chikuzen region of Kyushu. Samurai ethics and battles were selected as the main themes for this style, called Satsuma-biwa (), and more dynamic techniques were developed. This scale sometimes includes supplementary notes, but the core remains pentatonic. On the plectrum, figure of a golden phoenix with flowers in its beak, The biwa may be used to accompany various types of narrative, as part of a gagaku (court music) ensemble, or as a solo instrument. Another Chinese four-string plucked lute is the liuqin, which looks like a smaller version of the pipa. Multiple strings are often played in one pluck like an arpeggio. Its tuning is C, G, c, g, g. Gaku-biwa, chikuzen-biwa, heike-biwa, ms-biwa, satsuma-biwa and their plectra. Description. The da and xiao categories refer to the size of the piece xiao pieces are small pieces normally containing only one section, while da pieces are large and usually contain multiple sections. Kindai-biwa still retains a significant number of professional and amateur practitioners, but the zato, heike, and moso-biwa styles have all but died out. It may be played as a solo instrument or as part of the imperial orchestra for use in productions such as daqu (, grand suites), an elaborate music and dance performance. [67] It is very much the same as the modern pipa in construction save for being a bit wider to allow for the extra string and the reintroduction of the soundholes at the front. to divide instruments into eight categories determined by materials. Noted contemporary pipa players who work internationally include Min Xiao-Fen, Yang Jin(), Zhou Yi, Qiu Xia He, Liu Fang, Cheng Yu, Jie Ma, Yang Jing(, Yang Wei (),[64] Guan Yadong (), Jiang Ting (), Tang Liangxing (),[65] and Lui Pui-Yuen (, brother of Lui Tsun-Yuen). Biwa (Japanese instrument) - MIT Global Shakespeares Biwa (Japanese instrument) The Biwa is a Japanese teardrop lute, similar to the lute and the oud, with a short neck and frets. Although shaped like a Western lute, the Biwa's back is flat and it has a shallower body. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Like pearls, big and small, falling on a platter of jade. There, they assumed the role of Buddhist monks and encountered the ms-biwa. Several types of biwa, each with its own social setting and repertoire, have evolved in Japan over the past 1300 years, the specimens pictured here being called most accurately the chikuzen biwa. At first the chikuzen biwa, like the one pictured in gallery #1, had four strings and five frets, but by the 1910s Tachibana and his sons had developed a five-string model (gallery #2) that, since the 1920s, has been the most common form of the instrument.

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