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regard the Futanke or Toucouleur conquest of western Sudan and central Mali as a reform movement. When it is time to move, the houses are easily disassembled and loaded onto donkeys, horses or camels for transport. With lack of popular support, communist countries couldn't save Tutsis ambitions to return to power. After the anti-Tutsi violence around 19591961, Tutsis fled in large numbers. Upon the success recorded in the 1804 Fulani War of Usman dan Fodio, who is claimed to be partly Arab and partly Fulani, many Arabs and Fule subsequently joined the ruling classes of the Northern Nigerian Emirate. [18][19][20][21][22] Their actions led to the deaths of up to 200,000 Hutus. Wealth is counted by how large the herd of cattle is. [49] Askia Muhammad won control over the caravan trade routes in West Africa, but was overthrown by his own son, Askia Musa, in a coup in 1528. Niamey, Institut de Recherche en Sciences Humaines du Niger, This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 14:59. The general hypothesis: in some people, mutations naturally arose nearby the gene for lactase and kept production of the enzyme going into adulthood, and because of something going on in the. The remainder belonged to haplotype 42/haplogroup E-M132. The heaviest concentrations of their settlements were at Gurin, Chamba territory, Cheboa, Turua and Bundang. Many West African leaders are of Fulani descent including the President of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari; the President of Senegal, Macky Sall; the President of Gambia, Adama Barrow; the President of Guinea-Bissau, Umaro Sissoco Embal; the Vice President of Sierra Leone, Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh; and the Prime Minister of Mali, Boubou Cisse. It is common to see Fulani women hawking milk products in characteristic beautifully decorated calabashes balanced on their heads. They are descendants of Fula-owned slaves. . Physically, the Fulani are mostly tall or of average height, and mostly lanky in appearance. Today, Tutsi people can choose whom they want to marry. [25] Since the 2000 Arusha Peace Process, today in Burundi the Tutsi minority shares power in a more or less equitable manner with the Hutu majority. The Fula have a rich musical culture and play a variety of traditional instruments including drums, hoddu (a plucked skin-covered lute similar to a banjo), and riti or riiti (a one-string bowed instrument similar to a violin), in addition to vocal music. exceeded in its horror the genocide by the Hutus against the Tutsis in Rwanda ten years earlier". This was mainly due to Southern and Central Nigerian lawmakers opposing the proposal, and Northern Lawmakers being in support. [50] These war efforts helped spread Islam in West Africa, as well as helped them dominate much of the Sahel region of West Africa during the medieval and pre-colonial era, establishing them not only as a religious group but also as a political and economic force. Music is extremely important to the village life cycle, with field cultivation, harvest and winnowing of millet performed to the rhythm of the songs and drums. They were not as educated as the Hutu but they occupied commanding heights in the Rwandan government. Being the most treasured animal that the Fulanis herd, the cows are very special. Location: Guinea, Burkina Faso, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Chad. It developed from a revolt by Islamic Fule against their oppression by the pagan Pulli ( or , non-Islamic Fule), and the Jallonke (the original Mande inhabitants of the Fuuta-Jallon), during the first half of the 18th century. In some areas, e.g. This caste system, however, wasn't as elaborate in places like northern Nigeria, Eastern Niger or Cameroon. (2015), found that the Sudanese Fulani have largely ancestry from Niger-Kordofanian and Nilo-Saharan (Sudanic) speaking groups, with lower amounts of West-Eurasian ancestry. Some Tutsis used to know the names of their ancestors at least six generations back. Nigerian civil wars - Fulani emerge as victors in a hegemonic war with U.K., U.S. and Mexico(Yucatan-Gulf). [121], Triska, Petr et al. Women wear long robes with flowery shawls. Fulani, also called Peul or Fulbe, a primarily Muslim people scattered throughout many parts of Africa, mostly in West Africa from Lake Chad in the east to the Atlantic coast. [48] The wars were not merely between Fula people and other ethnic groups, but also internecine between the pastoral and sedentary Fulani, where sometimes they worked in cohesion, and other times the Muslim Fulani leaders attacked the nomadic Fulani as infidels. doi:10.1017/9781108562423.002. ekonomibyggnad skogsbruk; google earth engine phenology The Tutsi, also called the Watutsi, Watusi, Wahinda, Abatutsi, or Wahima, inhabit Rwanda and Burundi with significant communities in the DRC, Uganda, and Tanzania. The Moroccans invaded the western Sahel adding to an anarchical situation. Inhabiting many countries, they live mainly in West Africa and northern parts of Central Africa but also in South Sudan, Sudan, and regions near the Red Sea coast. The cycle of Hutu-Tutsi genocide or mass killings of each other in turn, in the Great Lakes region, particularly Rwanda and Burundi, has created past memories and emotional feelings of. Further east of this area, Fulani communities become predominantly nomadic, and exist at less organized social systems. Rwanda was ruled as a colony by Germany (from 1897 to 1916) and by Belgium (from 1922 to 1961). The well-known Senegalese Fula musician Baaba Maal sings in Pulaar on his recordings. [117], A study of four Fulani nomad populations (n = 186) in three Sahelian countries (Chad, Cameroon, and Burkina Faso), found that the only group of nomadic Fulani that manifests some similarities with geographically related agricultural populations (from Guinea-Bissau and Nigeria) comes from Tcheboua in northern Cameroon. [90] These actions often result in violent attacks and reprisal counterattacks being exchanged between the Fulani, who feel their way of life and survival are being threatened, and other populations who often feel aggrieved from loss of farm produce even if the lands they farm on were initially barren and uncultivated. The influence of Islam on kinship patterns is evident in the general preference for cousin and other intralineage marriages. Both of these clades are today most frequent among NigerCongo-speaking populations, particularly those inhabiting Senegal. The Griots or Awlube recite the history of the people, places and events of the community. Contemporary genetic studies note that the Tutsis are mostly of Bantu extraction, but they exhibit more Nilo-Saharan paternal . [47] Settled and nomadic Fulani became political and warring entities, armed with horses and equipment of war from the north. Finding themselves cut off from their kinsmen by the other communities now occupying the fertile Senegal valley, they gradually adopted the language of their new neighbours. Just weeks after, over 800,000 men and women were killed in the genocide. [89] Increasing urbanization has also meant that a lot of traditional Fulani grazing lands have been taken for developmental purposes, or forcefully converted into farmlands. [54], For some time, groups of Fulbe had been dominant in parts of the delta, thereby creating a complex hierarchy dating back through several waves of conquest. Civil war between Hutus and Tutsis broke out on October 2, 1990, when the Rwandan Patriotic Front, the Tutsi rebel group, invaded Rwanda from the north. They decorate themselves with necklaces, earrings, nose rings and anklets.[105]. The cattle are driven into the river, and each herder, with no help from others, loudly encourages the animals to move forward as he stands or swims between them, holding on to the horns of the bulls. Central to the Fulani people's lifestyle is a code of behavior known as pulaaku (Fulfulde: ) or laawol Fule ( ) literally meaning the "Fulani pathways" which are passed on by each generation as high moral values of the Fulbe, which enable them to maintain their identity across boundaries and changes of lifestyle. They have 12 castes which are not based on social hierarchy . Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Updates? A Tutsi man (left) and Fulani Man (right) The Fulani and the Hutu share so much in common, comparing those in Nigeria and Rwanda. These exile Tutsi communities gave rise to Tutsi rebel movements. [54], Many[who?] The Fulani language, known as Fula, is classified within the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family. This in turn rules out a possible Cushitic origin for the founding Tutsi-Hima ruling class in the lacustrine kingdoms. Formal and discrete social divisions were consequently imposed upon ambiguous biological distinctions. This led to an almost permanent state of civil strife since none of the parties was inclined to respect the system, which considerably weakened the power of the political centre. Gacaca courts eventually tried more than a million (Nyseth Brehm, Uggen, and Gasanabo 2016), which led President Kagame to suggest that all Hutu bear responsibility and should apologise (Benda 2017, 13). They probably came to West Africa from Nubia. Prior to the arrival of colonists, Rwanda had been ruled by a Tutsi-dominated monarchy since the 15th century. Though Tutsis and Hutus have been living cheek-by-jowl for hundreds of years, and intermarrying, the differences between the two groups . Many scholars have concluded that the determination of Tutsi was and is mainly an expression of class or caste, rather than ethnicity. The Tutsi (/ttsi/[2]), also called Watusi, Watutsi or Abatutsi (Kinyarwanda pronunciation:[..tu.tsi]), are an ethnic group of the African Great Lakes region. By contrast, in the northwestern part of the country (predominantly Hutu), large regional landholders shared power, similar to Buganda society (in what is now Uganda). The Council of Elders of the Futa Jallon state were also based in Fugumba, acting as a brake on the Almami's powers. [25][48][77] Many Fulani were enslaved and raided by ethnic groups who adhere to Traditional African religions. [48], The Songhai Empire rulers had converted to Sunni Islam in the 11th-century and were a major trading partner of the Middle East and North Africa. The latter may have migrated, most probably along with the spread of Islam, westerly to constitute what are today the lyre-horned cattle of West and Central Africa, including the Fulani cattle. The semi-nomadic Fulani can either be Fule families who happen to settle down temporarily at particular times of the year or Fule families who do not "browse" around past their immediate surroundings, and even though they possess livestock, they do not wander away from a fixed or settled homestead not too far away, they are basically "in-betweeners".[39]. Most 18th century Fulani, Senegalese and Tutsi rose to an average height of 7ft 2 ". It takes place on a Saturday in November or December; the day is carefully chosen based on the state of pastures and the water levels in the river Niger. In height many of them are as tall as the Nilotic peoples of South Sudan. Nevertheless, the relationship of the Hutu and the . A ruling faction, the Ganwa, soon emerged from amongst the Tutsi and assumed effective control of the country's administration. 'Hima' is the name of a sub-group of the Tutsi, but also a separate ethnic group in Ankole, Uganda. [88], Recurrent droughts have meant that a lot of traditional herding families have been forced to give up their nomadic way of life, losing a sense of their identity in the process. These are the areas of the Chari-Baguirmi Region and its river systems, in Chad and the Central African Republic, the Ouadda highlands of Eastern Chad, the areas around Kordofan, Darfur and the Blue Nile, Sennar, Kassala regions of Sudan,[35] as well as the Red Sea coastal city of Port Sudan. In just 100 days, an estimated 800,000 to one million people were killed. As such, Fulani culture includes people who may or may not be ethnic Fulani. [5], Historically, the Tutsi were pastoralists and filled the ranks of the warriors' caste. During the rainy season, the river swells, and the areas around the village are inundated in water, as the level of the river Niger rises, and turns Diafarabe into an island. Essentially viewed as what makes a person Fulani, or "Fulaniness", pulaaku includes: There are no particular outfits for all Fulani sub-groups; dressing and clothing accessories such as ornaments mostly depend on the particular region. The main nuclei of Fule power were the polities in the Senegal River Valley, the Fuuta Jallon mountains, in Guinea, the Inland Delta of the Niger in Mali (Maasina), the north of Nigeria and the Adamawa Plateau in Cameroon. Evidence of Fulani migration as a whole, from the Western to Eastern Sudan is very fragmentary. ); Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen (the Netherlands). In 1493, Askia Muhammad I led the Fulani people from western Sudan, and over time gained control of much that was previously Songhai empire, removing Sonni Baru who had attempted to protect the interests of pastoralists. Among the Fulani , for instance, an ethnic group found in many West African countries, clans are associated with castes. The Tutsi formed the traditional aristocratic minority in both countries, constituting about 9 percent and 14 percent of the population, respectively. [citation needed], The noblemen consisted of the ruling class of political overlords and Islamic clerics, as well as the pastoral Fulbe populations, who helped them come to power. Are the Tutsis possibly related with the Peul people, which are mostly found in West Africa? They belong to castes but are free people. Some of these Banyarwanda are descendants of people that lived long before colonial rule in Rutshuru and in Masisi on what is currently Congolese territory. United Human Rights Council estimates that 200,000 people perpetrated the genocide. [citation needed], Traditionally, nomadic Fula live in domed houses known as a bukkaru or suudu hudo, literally "grass house". Paternal genetic influences associated with the Horn of Africa and North Africa are few (under 3% E1b1b-M35), and are ascribed to much earlier inhabitants who were assimilated. (2013) analyzed various Fulani subgroups, and observed R1b among the Fulani Zinder grouping with a frequency of ~31%. President Juvenal Habyarimana was a Hutu. The Hutus were conventional farmers, clear legacies of the Bantu expansion which swept from West-Central Africa east and south, all the way to the Cape of Good Hope and the Indian Ocean. Fulani Hausa Olig establish control of Northern Nigeria, South Niger and TChad (Bornu, Kanem and Shuwara). [11] snapchat chat bitmoji peeking. [citation needed], The Sokoto Caliphate was by far the largest and most successful legacy of Fulani power in Western Africa. Conversion to Islam meant not only changing one's religion but also submitting to rules dealing with every aspect of social, political and cultural life, intrusions with which many nomadic Fulbe were not comfortable. Although linguists have established a connection among all languages of Africa, the roots are back into ancient pre-history. The Fulani were originally a pastoral people, and their lives and organization were dominated by the needs of their herds. Procedimientos. [106], Another school of thought contends that these cattle originated from the Horn of Africa, present-day Ethiopia and Somalia, and that interbreeding between the short-horned zebu (which arrived in the Horn around the first millennium BC) and the ancient Hamitic Longhorn and/or B. taurus brachyceros shorthorn (which had arrived much earlier) occurred in the Horn about 20001500 BCE. [12] A good number also carry West-Eurasian mtDNA lineages, particularly M1a, K1a; but also J1 and R0.[12][13]. The Jalonke lost their noble status and became slaves (maccue). . In the Rwanda territory, from the 15th century until 1961, the Tutsi were ruled by a king (the mwami). [10], There are no peer-reviewed genetic studies of the Tutsi's mtDNA or maternal lineages. Others included, but are not limited to: Gombe Emirate, Gwandu Emirate, Bauchi Emirate, Katsina Emirate, Zazzau Emirate, Hadejia Emirate, and Muri Emirate. The current Bantu shared genetic base with the Hutu is due to inter marriage and no doubt war and raiding over centuries. Despite its power and omnipresence, the hegemony of the emirate was constantly threatened. This emirate was, in fact, a federal state of nine provinces: Timbo, Fugumbaa, uuriya, Koyin, Kollaae, Keebaali, Labe, Fode-Hajji, and Timbi. Various estimates put the figure between 25[19][20] and 30 million people worldwide. 10 9 Sponsored by Savvy Dime Both European nations ruled through the Rwandan king and perpetuated a pro-Tutsi policy. According to the 1994 census, 81.5% of the Amhara Region of Ethiopia were Ethiopian Orthodox, with 18.1% being Muslim, and 0.1% being Protestant. There was a deliberate systematic plot to annihilate the giant races in West Africa and East Africa. [23] Overt discrimination from the colonial period was continued by different Rwandan and Burundian governments, including identity cards that distinguished Tutsi and Hutu. With a power base in Uganda, the Rwandan Tutsis formed the Rwandan Patriotic Front and began attacks against the Hutu-led government. Touring the world with friends one mile and pub at a time; coaching master fernstudium. Nigeria is involved Bokassa Invasion by Dutch and American mercenaries. Spaniards and Poles are genetically very distinct, and their physical appearance differs. Both men and women wear a characteristic white or black cotton fabric gown, adorned with intricate blue, red and green thread embroidery work, with styles differing according to region and sex. Originally the White Fulani were indigenous to north Nigeria, southeast Niger and northeast Cameroon, owned by both Fulani and Hausa people. The Fula people led many jihads, or holy wars, some of which were major. Thousands of Fulani have been forced to migrate from their traditional homelands in the Sahel, to areas further south, because of increasing encroachment of Saharan desertification. The recipient buys special treats and invites his neighbors for this event in which the habbanaya is given a name. [40], The origins of the Fulani people are unclear and various theories have been postulated. But Fulani, who set up London-based Sistah Space in 2015, says her clients tend to face additional pressures. Further individual 23andme DNA tests suggest that Tutsi mtDNA lineages are associated with local East African hunter-gatherer maternal haplogroups, particularly haplogroup L0,[12] with very few associated with West African mtDNA lineages. Other breeds of zebu are found mainly in the drier regions. "), as well as Senegalese and Guinean (western) Fule cultures (who do not end interrogative questions with such mannerism). Zaghareet or ululation is a popular form of vocal music formed by rapidly moving the tongue sideways and making a sharp, high sound. Overall, however, all share most cultural practices to a large extent. They were, and still are, the only major migratory people group of West Africa, although the Tuareg people, another nomadic tribe of North African origin, live just immediately north of Fula territory, and sometimes live alongside the Fulani in countries such as Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso. [111] The Fulani are the most wide-spread pastoralist group in the Sahel/Savannah belt. [citation needed], Later, due to strife between two branches of the Seediayanke royal lineage, (the Soriya and the Alphaya),[55] a system for the rotation of office between these branches was set up. [14], Tishkoff et al. The agreement broke down after the assassination of the Rwandan and Burundian Presidents, triggering a resumption of hostilities and the start of the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, in which the Hutu then in power killed an estimated 500,000600,000 people, largely of Tutsi origin. Typically, Fule belonging to the same affinity bloc tend to cluster together in culture, customs, and dialectal variety. The Hutu-controlled government and . In between these big centres there were numerous small polities dominated by the Fule in the central Gourma of present-day Mali and the north and west of Burkina Faso (Jelgoji, Boboola, Dori, Liptako), northern Benin (Borgu), the Sene-Gambia, northern Senegal (Bundu), and the southern and western parts of present-day Niger (Dallol Bosso, Birni N'konni). But they are also influenced by the other instruments of the region such as the beautiful West African harp, the kora, and the balafon. In Burundi, meanwhile, Tutsi domination was even more entrenched. (2009) found their mixed Hutu and Tutsi samples from Rwanda to be predominantly of Bantu origin, with minor gene flow from Afro-Asiatic communities (17.7% Afro-Asiatic genes found in the mixed Hutu/Tutsi population). tutsi and fulani [email protected]. Millet is eaten in the morning, noon and night as a grease with a sauce or stew which usually contains tomatoes, peppers, bone, meat, onion, and other vegetables. This partly reflected internal Belgian domestic politics, in which the discrimination against the Hutu majority came to be regarded as similar to oppression within Belgium stemming from the Flemish-Walloon conflict, and the democratization and empowerment of the Hutu was seen as a just response to the Tutsi domination. Daily life in the Sahel has been punctuated by a rapid rise in violent attacks from militant Islamist groups in recent years. The densely populated kingdoms of the Tutsi lay squarely in the path of Arab slavers who for centuries pillaged throughout the central African highlands, dispatching by the hundreds of thousands. The truly Fulani instruments are the one-string viola of the Fulani (nianioru), the flute, the two to five string lute hoddu or molo, and the buuba and bawdi set of drums. Tutsi, prije watussi, etnika grupa prvenstveno iz Ruande, Burundija i Ugande.Uglavnom se bave stoarstvom i vode isto podrijetlo s Banyamulenge narodom koji je nastanjen u istonom dijeli DR Konga. The Empire of Mali reaches its height of power, covering much of Northern West Africa. Culturally speaking, the central Fule sub-groups are roughly in between the western and eastern Fulani cultural niches. [70][71] The fairly rigid caste system of the Fula people has medieval roots,[70] was well established by the 15th-century, and it has survived into modern age. The Tutsi have a small amount of other genes that point to the past absorption of a cushtic group but that is poorly understood. [18][42] Speculations about their origins started in the era of European conquest and colonization. The pastoral Fulani move around with their cattle throughout the year. The Tutsi minority had a much stronger pastoral element to their economy. In the Futa Jallon highlands of central Guinea, it is common to see men wearing a distinctive hat with colorful embroidery. International Institute of African Languages and Cultures, Africa, Volume 76, (Oxford University Press., 2006), pg 135. International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002), Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 19:00, "The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations", "Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation", "African Genetic Diversity: Implications for Human Demographic History, Modern Human Origins, and Complex Disease Mapping", http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2009/04/30/1172257.DC1/Tishkoff.SOM.pdf, Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy, The Benefits of the English Language for Individuals and Societies: Quantitative Indicators from Cameroon, Nigeria, Rwanda, Bangladesh and Pakistan, The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (the status and judgments of all cases before the ICTR are available here), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tutsi&oldid=1142141242, 1.7 million (14% of the total population), 12 million (9%15% of the total population), This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 19:00. Corrections? The West-Eurasian ancestry among Fulani was estimated to a mean average of 21,4% among the 53 samples from Ziniar in Burkina Faso. Rwandans have their own language, Kinyarwanda. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. When all the cattle are back, they are judged by a panel, which decides whose animals are the "fattest". Fulani towns were a direct result of nomadic heritage and were often founded by individuals who had simply chosen to settle in a given area instead of continuing on their way. Long ago Fulani tribes and clans used to fight over cattle and grazing rights. Nigerian Independence & African Commonwealth. All Senegalese and Mauritanians who speak the language natively are known as the Halpulaar () or Haalpulaar'en (), which means "speakers of Pulaar" ("hal" is the root of the Pulaar verb haalugol , meaning "to speak"). [citation needed], There appears to be considerable resistance to the forced acceptance of Islam by these emirates. The first eugenic operation was eliminating these specimens by syphilis murder, wars, defertilization, and outright inciting racial division with shorter tribes. This book is about the Tutsi and the Fulani, two trans-border ethnic groups partitioned into the countries of Central Africa and West Africa, respectively. [3] They are a Bantu-speaking[4] ethnic group and the second largest of three main ethnic groups in Rwanda and Burundi (the other two being the largest Bantu ethnic group Hutu and the Pygmy group of the Twa). ellevio hglast lglast; tutsi and fulani In the genocide's aftermath, many steps have been taken to pursue recovery and reconciliation. However, it is unclear whether this similarity is primarily due to extensive genetic exchanges between these communities through intermarriage or whether it ultimately stems from common origins: [] generations of gene flow obliterated whatever clear-cut physical distinctions may have once existed between these two Bantu peoples renowned to be height, body build, and facial features. si t-s tt- plural Tutsi or Tutsis : a member of a people of Rwanda and Burundi probably of Nilotic origin Word History First Known Use 1950, in the meaning defined above Time Traveler The first known use of Tutsi was in 1950 See more words from the same year Dictionary Entries Near Tutsi tutsan Tutsi tutte le corde This article was most recently revised and updated by, The University of Iowa - Art and Life in Africa - Fulani, Academia - Fulani Government and there way of life, Fulani - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The number and the distribution of the grazing reserves in Nigeria range from insufficient to severely insufficient for Fulani livestock. The Tutsis were the victims of genocide, and the Hutus were the perpetrators. The analysis on autosomal markers found traces of West Eurasian-related ancestry in this population, which suggests a North African or East African origin (as North and East Africans also have such ancestry likely related to expansions of farmers and herders from the Near East) and is consistent with the presence at moderate frequency of the 13,910T variant associated with lactose tolerance in European populations. The language of the Fulani is "Pulaar" , which is also the language of the Toucouleurs. Published by on 7 czerwca 2022. Many Fulani slaves came from places such as Guinea, Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and Cameroon. Fula and Fulani are commonly used in English, including within Africa. [26] They likely reflect a genetic intermix of people with West African, North African, and Arabian origins, and have been a part of many ruling dynasties particularly in the Sahel and West Africa. [citation needed], The Maasina Emirate also called Diina (, "religion" in Fulfulde, with Arabic origins), was established by the Fulbe jihad led by Sheeku Aamadu in 1818. There is the Banyamulenge, who live in the southern tip of South Kivu. [18] Inhabiting many countries, they live mainly in West Africa and northern parts of Central Africa, South Sudan, Darfur, and regions near the Red Sea coast in Sudan. Innocent Gasizigwa lived through the horrors. The Hutu and Tutsi are antagonistic groups in Rwanda and Burundi.

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